We are all used to the op-amp, as a little black box from which we can derive an astonishingly useful range of circuit functions. But of course within it lurks a transistor circuit on a chip, and ...

You can use three discrete transistors to build an operational amplifier with an open-loop gain greater than 1 million (Figure 1). You bias the output at approximately one-half the supply voltage ...

Modern operational amplifiers (op amps) and instrumentation amplifiers (in amps) provide great benefits to the designer, when compared with discrete semiconductors. But all too often, some very basic ...

My hands-on introduction to operational amplifiers was in 1969 while in the army as a junior scientist in the Atmospheric Science Laboratory at the White Sands Proving Grounds. We had taken a ...

Almost all efforts immediately constrain implementations by unity gain in the op amp, equal R or equal C, or both. When multi-stage filters are implemented with gain, most of the gain is placed in the ...

Are your jellybeans getting stale? [lcamtuf] thinks so, and his guide to choosing op-amps makes a good case for rethinking what parts you should keep in stock. For readers of a certain vintage, the ...

Operational amplifiers (op amps) are increasingly being used as building blocks in more highly integrated ics, each targeted at a specific class of applications. Some of these amplifier based ...